STUDY GUIDE EARTH UNIT TEST

Name:

Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions is called

a.	shearing.
b.	tension.
c.	compression.
d.	deformation.

Because stress is a force, it

a.	takes energy out of rock.
b.	adds energy to rock.
c.	adds volume to rock.
d.	makes rock harder.

In a normal fault, the part of the fault that lies below the other part is called the

a.	hanging wall.
b.	reverse fault.
c.	footwall.
d.	anticline.

Which type of stress force produces reverse faults?

a.	shearing
b.	tension
c.	compression
d.	deformation

The land between two normal faults moves upward to form a

a.	fold.
b.	syncline.
c.	hanging wall.
d.	fault-block mountain.

A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is called a(n)

a.	anticline.
b.	syncline.
c.	plateau.
d.	canyon.

The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the

a.	syncline.
b.	footwall.
c.	epicenter.
d.	focus.

The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are called

a.	S waves.
b.	P waves.
c.	Surface waves.
d.	Mercalli waves.

S waves are also known as

a.	primary waves.
b.	secondary waves.
c.	surface waves.
d.	focus waves.

10.

Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move

a.	faster.
b.	slower.
c.	at the same rate.
d.	farther from the epicenter.

11.

Which scale would most likely be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and other buildings?

a.	the Richter scale
b.	the Mercalli scale
c.	the moment magnitude scale
d.	the seismic scale

12.

What does a seismograph record?

a.	the Mercalli scale rating for an earthquake
b.	the speed of seismic waves
c.	the ground movements caused by seismic waves
d.	the location of the epicenter

13.

Which of the following can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake?

a.	the arrival of surface waves.
b.	liquefaction.
c.	a tsunami.
d.	an aftershock.

14.

If the Coast Guard warns of a giant wave of water approaching the shore as a result of a major earthquake, they are warning of

a.	an aftershock.
b.	liquefaction.
c.	a tsunami.
d.	landslides.

15.

A building designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake is called a

a.	fixed-base building.
b.	wood-frame building.
c.	base-isolated building.
d.	brick building.

16.

The best way to protect yourself in an earthquake is to

a.	run as fast as you can.
b.	drop, cover, and hold.
c.	go into the basement.
d.	stand under a tree.

17.

A device that uses wire stretched across a fault to measure horizontal movement of the ground is called a

a.	creep meter.
b.	laser-ranging device.
c.	tiltmeter.
d.	satellite.

18.

Which of the following monitors both vertical and horizontal movements along a fault?

a.	laser-ranging device
b.	GPS satellite system
c.	tiltmeter
d.	creep meter

19.

Geologists know that wherever plate movement stores energy in the rock along faults,

a.	earthquakes are not likely.
b.	earthquakes are likely.
c.	an earthquake is occurring.
d.	an earthquake could never occur.

20.

The risk of earthquakes is high along the Pacific coast of the United States because

a.	there have been no earthquakes there lately.
b.	serious earthquakes are rare east of the Rockies.
c.	satellites have detected increasing elevation of the ground surface.
d.	that’s where the Pacific and North American plates meet.

21.

A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume is called

a.	an aftershock.
b.	friction.
c.	liquefaction.
d.	stress.

22.

Most earthquake-related deaths and injuries result from

a.	tsunamis.
b.	damage to buildings or other structures.
c.	liquefaction.
d.	P waves.

23.

In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little

a.	noise.
b.	shaking.
c.	up-or-down motion.
d.	movement.

24.

A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level is called a

a.	syncline.
b.	plateau.
c.	canyon.
d.	fault.

25.

What happens when friction between the opposite sides of a fault is high?

a.	A plateau may form on one side of the fault.
b.	The fault locks, and stress builds up until an earthquake occurs.
c.	Folding of the crust may occur.
d.	The rocks on both sides of the fault easily slide past each other.

26.

In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake?

a.	away from the focus
b.	toward the focus
c.	from the surface to the interior
d.	through the mantle only

27.

Which type of fault-monitoring device is most like a carpenter’s level?

a.	tiltmeter
b.	laser-ranging device
c.	creep meter
d.	satellite

28.

What type of earthquake wave can travel through both liquids and solids?

a.	P waves
b.	S waves
c.	focus waves
d.	surface waves

29.

The rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake is called the

a.	Richter scale.
b.	moment magnitude scale.
c.	mechanical seismograph scale.
d.	Mercalli scale.

30.

Geologists cannot yet predict earthquakes because

a.	they have too much data.
b.	they can’t be sure when and where stress will be released along a fault.
c.	they need to know where all past earthquakes occurred.
d.	there are too many faults to monitor.

31.

Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of

a.	seismic waves.
b.	rock samples.
c.	liquid iron.
d.	volcanic eruption.

32.

Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by

a.	measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface.
b.	estimating temperature inside earth.
c.	directly looking under the many layers.
d.	recording and studying seismic waves.

33.

What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers?

a.	crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
b.	mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
c.	crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
d.	outer core, inner core, crust, mantle

34.

Earth’s inner core is

a.	a dense ball of solid metal.
b.	a layer of molten metal.
c.	a layer of hot rock.
d.	a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

35.

When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand. This is called

a.	magnetic energy.
b.	indirect evidence.
c.	subduction.
d.	heat transfer.

36.

The transfer of energy through empty space is called

a.	conduction.
b.	convection.
c.	radiation.
d.	subduction.

37.

Heat transfer within a fluid takes place by

a.	convection currents.
b.	radiation.
c.	conduction.
d.	density.

38.

When the heat source is removed from a fluid, convection currents in the fluid will

a.	speed up.
b.	change direction.
c.	eventually stop.
d.	continue at the same rate forever.

39.

According to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift,

a.	Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses.
b.	the continents do not move.
c.	Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking.
d.	the continents were once joined together in a single landmass.

40.

What is Pangaea?

a.	the name of a German scientist
b.	the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
c.	another name for continental drift
d.	the name of an ancient fossil

41.

Which type of evidence was NOT used by Alfred Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis?

a.	evidence from landforms
b.	evidence from fossils
c.	evidence from human remains
d.	evidence from climate

42.

Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift because

a.	they were afraid of a new idea.
b.	Wegener was interested in what Earth was like millions of years ago.
c.	Wegener used several different types of evidence to support his hypothesis.
d.	Wegener could not identify a force that could move the continents.

43.

What technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge?

a.	satellites
b.	deep-sea diving
c.	submarines
d.	sonar

44.

In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts

a.	along the edges of all the continents.
b.	along mid-ocean ridges.
c.	in deep-ocean trenches.
d.	at the north and south poles.

45.

How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from the mid-ocean ridge were older than those near it?

a.	by observing eruptions of molten material on the sea floor
b.	by mapping rocks on the sea floor using sonar
c.	by determining the age of rock samples obtained by drilling on the sea floor
d.	by measuring how fast sea-floor spreading occurs

46.

What did scientists in a submersible see when they observed the mid-ocean ridge?

a.	a convergent boundary
b.	rocks formed by the rapid hardening of molten material
c.	the movement of Earth’s plates
d.	convection currents in the ocean

47.

The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as

a.	convection.
b.	continental drift.
c.	subduction.
d.	conduction.

48.

Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is

a.	hot.
b.	moving toward a deep-ocean trench.
c.	cool.
d.	closer to the mid-ocean ridge.

49.

Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by

a.	conduction.
b.	earthquakes.
c.	convection currents in the mantle.
d.	Earth’s magnetic field.

50.

The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of

a.	subduction.
b.	plate tectonics.
c.	deep-ocean trenches.
d.	sea-floor spreading.

51.

A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a

a.	transform boundary.
b.	divergent boundary.
c.	convergent boundary.
d.	rift valley.

52.

A rift valley forms at a

a.	convergent plate boundary
b.	divergent plate boundary.
c.	transform boundary.
d.	deep-ocean trench.

53.

Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth’s interior is made up of several

a.	continents.
b.	layers.
c.	ridges.
d.	trenches.

54.

Earth’s mantle is

a.	a layer of molten metal.
b.	a layer of hot rock.
c.	a dense ball of solid metal.
d.	a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

55.

Earth’s magnetic field results from movements in the

a.	mantle.
b.	outer core.
c.	inner core.
d.	crust.

56.

Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth’s

a.	continents.
b.	mantle.
c.	lithosphere.
d.	inner core.

57.

A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a

a.	mid-ocean ridge.
b.	deep-ocean trench.
c.	rift valley.
d.	mountain range.

58.

Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a

a.	landform.
b.	continent.
c.	fossil.
d.	landmass.

59.

Mid-ocean ridges are

a.	found in all of Earth’s oceans.
b.	found only in the Pacific Ocean.
c.	located mostly along coastlines.
d.	long deep-ocean trenches.

60.

The place where two plates come together is known as a

a.	transform boundary.
b.	divergent boundary.
c.	convergent boundary.
d.	rift valley.

61.

Volcanic belts form along

a.	islands in the Pacific Ocean.
b.	North American mountain ranges.
c.	the boundaries of Earth’s plates.
d.	the coast of Antarctica.

62.

The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is one example of

a.	volcanoes forming over a hot spot.
b.	volcanoes forming along plate boundaries.
c.	the Ring of Fire.
d.	continental drift.

63.

The viscosity of magma depends upon its silica content and its

a.	pahoehoe.
b.	temperature.
c.	magnetism.
d.	pyroclastic flow.

64.

The long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth’s surface is called the

a.	vent.
b.	side vent.
c.	pipe.
d.	crater.

65.

If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, the volcano will probably

a.	erupt quietly.
b.	remain dormant.
c.	erupt explosively.
d.	produce dark-colored lava.

66.

Pahoehoe is

a.	cooler, slower-moving lava.
b.	fast-moving, hot lava.
c.	volcanic ash.
d.	lava with a rough, chunky surface.

67.

When groundwater heated by magma rises to the surface and collects in a natural pool, it is called a

a.	hot spring.
b.	geyser.
c.	vent.
d.	pyroclastic flow.

68.

In volcanic areas, groundwater heated by magma is a source of

a.	lava flows.
b.	silica.
c.	geothermal energy.
d.	pyroclastic flows.

69.

Which of the following volcano hazards is made up of rocky particles about the size of a grain of sand?

a.	volcanic bombs
b.	pahoehoe
c.	volcanic cinders
d.	volcanic ash

70.

The main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption is

a.	volcanic gases.
b.	lava flows.
c.	geysers.
d.	pyroclastic flows.

71.

Tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash are called

a.	shield volcanoes.
b.	cinder cone volcanoes.
c.	composite volcanoes.
d.	lava plateaus.

72.

When many layers of thin, runny lava build up a high, level area, the result is a

a.	lava plateau.
b.	shield volcano.
c.	cinder cone volcano.
d.	composite volcano.

73.

Which type of rock would you expect to form as the result of an explosive eruption?

a.	pahoehoe
b.	granite
c.	pumice
d.	aa

74.

What is the landform that forms when a mass of hardened magma is uplifted, causing the layers of rock to bend upward?

a.	volcanic neck
b.	dike
c.	lava plateau
d.	dome mountain

75.

The major ingredient of magma is

a.	pahoehoe.
b.	silica.
c.	dissolved gases.
d.	obsidian.

76.

What can be used to identify a substance or to predict how it will behave?

a.	stages of activity
b.	physical and chemical properties
c.	geothermal activity
d.	viscosity

77.

What triggers the small earthquakes that occur around a volcano before an eruption?

a.	upward movement of magma
b.	pyroclastic flow
c.	cooling magma inside the crust
d.	plate movements

78.

All of the following are examples of physical properties EXCEPT

a.	melting point.
b.	hardness.
c.	ability to burn.
d.	density.

79.

Before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is called

a.	rock.
b.	magma.
c.	volcanic ash.
d.	liquid fire.

80.

The volcanoes along converging oceanic plate boundaries may form

a.	a hot spot.
b.	a part of the mid-ocean ridge.
c.	an island arc.
d.	a subducting plate.

81.

A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust is called a

a.	neck.
b.	dike.
c.	lava plateau.
d.	batholith.

82.

A volcano that may erupt again at some time in the distant future is

a.	active.
b.	dormant.
c.	explosive.
d.	extinct.

83.

The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a

a.	lava plateau.
b.	caldera.
c.	cinder cone.
d.	shield volcano.

84.

If geologists detect many small earthquakes in the area near a volcano, what can they infer about the volcano?

a.	It is dormant.
b.	It is probably about to erupt.
c.	It is extinct.
d.	It is a good source of geothermal energy.

85.

Several kilometers from a volcano, a geologist observes an old lava flow made up of dark-colored basalt rock. The geologist infers that the lava must have had

a.	high silica content.
b.	high viscosity.
c.	low viscosity.
d.	medium viscosity.

86.

When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano’s vent, the result is a

a.	cinder cone volcano.
b.	shield volcano.
c.	composite volcano.
d.	dormant volcano.

87.

When magma hardens in a volcano’s pipe, the result will eventually be a landform called a

a.	batholith.
b.	dike.
c.	volcanic neck.
d.	sill.

88.

Magma that forces across rock layers hardens into a

a.	sill.
b.	volcanic neck.
c.	dike.
d.	batholith.

89.

What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface?

a.	the silica in the magma
b.	dissolved gases trapped in the magma
c.	gravity in the lithosphere
d.	the density of the magma

90.

Which of the following helps to determine how easily magma flows?

a.	the amount of silica in the magma
b.	the diameter of the pipe
c.	the size of the crater
d.	the number of vents on the volcano

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

91.

An upward fold in a rock is called a plateau. _________________________

92.

The squeezing together of rocks by stress is called shearing. _________________________

93.

In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways. _________________________

94.

With the range of data available, geologists cannot predict exactly where and when earthquakes will occur. _________________________

95.

An earthquake on the ocean floor can produce a tsunami, which may grow into a huge wave as it approaches the shore. _________________________

96.

A type of building that absorbs the energy of seismic waves is a fixed-base building. _________________________

97.

When an earthquake occurs, S waves are the first seismic waves to arrive at a given location. _________________________

98.

The Richter scale describes the effects of an earthquake on people, buildings, and land at a given location. _________________________

99.

During an earthquake, seismic waves move outward from the focus in all directions. _________________________

100.

Geologists use a creep meter to measure the horizontal movement along a fault. _________________________

101.

To study Earth’s interior, geologists often rely on indirect methods, such as evidence from fossils. _________________________

102.

The transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluid is called conduction. _________________________

103.

Alfred Wegener provided evidence from landforms, fossils, and climate in support of his theory of the shrinking Earth. _________________________

104.

Pressure increases from Earth’s surface toward the center of Earth. _________________________

105.

Oceanic crust near the mid-ocean ridge is younger than oceanic crust farther away from the ridge. _________________________

106.

If subduction occurs faster than oceanic crust can be created, an ocean will expand. _________________________

107.

Along a divergent boundary, two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. _________________________

108.

Mantle material rises in convection currents because heated materials become more dense. _________________________

109.

Along the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the North American plate and the Eurasian plate are moving apart at a very slow rate. _________________________

110.

The outermost layer of Earth is called the mantle. _________________________

111.

Viscosity increases as temperature increases. _________________________

112.

A dike forms when magma forces itself between rock layers and hardens. _________________________

113.

Ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile to form cinder cone volcanoes. _________________________

114.

Volcanoes that form along a mid-ocean ridge occur at a(n) diverging plate boundary. _________________________

115.

Dissolved minerals trapped in magma under tremendous pressure provide the force for a volcanic eruption. _________________________

116.

A pyroclastic flow typically occurs during a(n) quiet eruption. _________________________

117.

A(n) dormant volcano is erupting or may erupt in the near future. _________________________

118.

Magma sometimes forces its way out of the side of a volcano through a(n) vent. _________________________

119.

During a quiet eruption, a(n) lava flow may set fire to and then bury everything in its path. _________________________

120.

The greater the viscosity of a liquid, the slower it flows. _________________________

Completion

Complete each sentence or statement.

121.

A fault that is formed when compression causes the hanging wall to move over the foot wall is called a(n) ____________________.

122.

The block of rock that lies above a fault is called the ____________________.

123.

Blocks of rock uplifted by normal faults are called ____________________ mountains.

124.

Layers of rock that bend can produce a downward fold known as a(n) ____________________.

125.

Shearing creates ____________________ faults, like the San Andreas fault in California.

126.

Geologists use a(n) ____________________ to measure the tilting of the ground along a fault.

127.

The stress force that pulls on the crust where two plates are moving apart is called ____________________.

128.

The process in which the violent shaking of an earthquake turns soft soil into liquid mud is called ____________________.

129.

Earthquake damage can be reduced by making buildings more ____________________ so that they twist and bend without breaking.

130.

The seismic waves that travel along Earth’s surface and produce the most severe ground movements are called ____________________.

131.

Vibrations that move through the ground carrying the energy released during an earthquake are called ____________________.

132.

The scale that measures the strength of an earthquake based on seismic waves and movement along a fault is called the ____________________ scale.

133.

Earthquake waves that vibrate from side to side and up and down only through solids are known as ____________________.

134.

Laser-ranging devices can detect even tiny movements of the crust along a(n) ____________________.

135.

The ____________________ scale accurately rates the size of seismic waves only for small, nearby earthquakes.

136.

Geologists determine earthquake risk by locating where ____________________ are active.

137.

The stress force that causes a mass of rock to pull or twist in opposite directions is called ____________________.

138.

An earthquake that occurs shortly after a larger earthquake is a(n) ____________________.

139.

The point beneath the surface where rock breaks and an earthquake starts is the ____________________.

140.

A valley that dips between two parallel ranges of hills was formed by a downward fold in rock called a(n) ____________________.

141.

When continental plates pull apart at a divergent boundary on land, a(n) ____________________ forms.

142.

The part of the mantle called the ____________________ is made of soft rock that bends like plastic.

143.

In the mantle, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as _________________________.

144.

Earthquakes produce_________________ that travel through Earth.

145.

When you touch a hot plate, the transfer of heat from the plate to your hand is called ____________________.

146.

The hypothesis of _________________________ was that all the continents once were joined as a single supercontinent and have since drifted apart.

147.

To support his hypothesis, Alfred Wegener provided evidence from ____________________, traces of ancient organisms preserved in rock.

148.

The energy from the sun that warms your face is transferred by a process called ____________________.

149.

The process of _________________________ continually adds new crust to the ocean floor along both sides of the mid-ocean ridge.

150.

Two of Earth’s plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, along a(n) ____________________ boundary.

151.

____________________ is a rock with a fine, dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust.

152.

Samples collected by the Glomar Challenger showed that the youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found in the center of ____________________.

153.

Subduction occurs where the oceanic crust bends down toward the mantle at a(n) _________________________.

154.

The lithosphere is broken into sections called ____________________, which float on top of the asthenosphere.

155.

The formation of volcanoes and mountain ranges can be explained by the theory of _________________________.

156.

A continental plate collides with an oceanic plate at a(n) ____________________ boundary.

157.

The ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle in a process known as ____________________.

158.

Wegener believed that the continents had once been joined in one landmass called ____________________.

159.

Scientists think that the ____________________, made of liquid iron and nickel, moves to produce Earth’s magnetic field.

160.

Geologists learn about Earth’s interior by studying _________________________, which move through Earth.

161.

A(n) ____________________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.

162.

A substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically combined is a(n) ____________________.

163.

A mass of rock that forms when a large body of magma cools inside the crust is called a(n) ____________________.

164.

Hardened magma in a volcano’s pipe that remains when softer rock around it has worn away is called a(n) _________________________.

165.

A huge hole, or ____________________, is left when the roof of a volcanic mountain’s magma chamber collapses.

166.

A major volcanic belt known as the _________________________ circles the Pacific Ocean.

167.

A liquid with little ____________________ among its particles will have low viscosity.

168.

A(n) ____________________ is an area where material from deep within the mantle rises and then melts, forming magma.

169.

A quiet eruption may produce slow moving, cooler lava that hardens to form rough chunks. This type of lava is called ____________________.

170.

Groundwater heated by a nearby body of magma can spray from the ground under pressure, forming a(n) ____________________.

171.

Mountains that are formed by volcanoes along a coastline occur at a(n) ____________________ plate boundary.

172.

An energy source called ____________________ energy is provided by water heated by magma.

173.

A string of islands known as a(n) ____________________ can form from the collision of two oceanic plates.

174.

The resistance of a liquid to flowing is called ____________________.

175.

Molten material that leaves a volcano’s vent is called ____________________.

176.

Magma flows easily when it is low in ____________________, a material made of oxygen and silicon.

177.

The bowl-shaped area around a volcano’s central vent is called a(n) ____________________.

178.

Sometimes rising magma is blocked by horizontal layers of rock. The magma forces the layers of rock to bend upward into a landform called a(n) _________________________.

179.

The smallest lava fragments produced by an explosive eruption are called volcanic ____________________.

180.

An eruption of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases from a volcano is called a(n) _________________________.

Short Answer

Use the diagram to answer each question.

181.

Describe the rock layers shown in Diagram A and any forces acting on the rock.

182.

In diagram B, which type of fault will form if the stress force continues? Explain.

183.

What caused the rock layers to take on the shape shown in diagram C?

184.

Contrast the plate movements that cause the stresses in diagrams B and C.

185.

Will a normal fault result from the stresses being applied to the rock unit in diagram D? Explain.

186.

Compare diagram B to diagram A. How is it different?

Use the diagram to answer each question.

187.

How do California and Nevada compare in possible severity of earthquake damage?

188.

In which direction does the major earthquake risk zone in Idaho run?

189.

In which part of Maine should you live if you want the least possible risk of damage from an earthquake? Explain.

190.

What kind of risk is shown on the map and how is this risk determined?

191.

According to the map, which part of the United States is least likely to suffer earthquake damage?

192.

What earthquake damage is Texas likely to suffer?

Use the diagram to answer each question.

193.

Earth’s solid inner core is surrounded by the hot, molten metal of which layer?

194.

The asthenosphere is part of which layer of Earth?

195.

Pressure increases with depth toward the center of Earth. In which layer would you expect pressure to be the greatest?

196.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, which layer of the earth is broken into separate sections called plates?

197.

Which layer of Earth is made up partly of crust and partly of mantle material?

198.

Based on the diagram, describe one of the major differences between oceanic crust and continental crust.

Use the diagram to answer each question.

199.

Which type of plate boundary occurs at X?

200.

What feature occurs at Y, and how does it form?

201.

What is happening at Z?

202.

Identify the three plates in the diagram and name the materials that make up each plate.

203.

Which type of plate boundary occurs at Y?

204.

What feature occurs at X and how does it form?

Use the diagram to answer each question.

205.

Name the type of volcano illustrated in diagram A and describe how it forms.

206.

Name the type of volcano illustrated in diagram B and describe how it forms.

207.

Name the type of volcano illustrated in diagram C and describe how it forms.

208.

In the United States, where do volcanoes like the one shown in diagram C occur?

209.

What kind of eruption—quiet, explosive, or both at different times—would you expect from each volcano shown?

210.

If the magma chamber beneath volcano B empties and then collapses, what kind of feature will form? Explain.

Use the diagram to answer each question.

211.

How do volcanoes form at B?

212.

In the United States, where can volcanoes like those at B be found?

213.

Describe an exception to the patterns pictured at A and B where volcanoes also can form.

214.

Name and describe the type of boundary shown at A.

215.

How do volcanoes form at A?

216.

Name and describe the type of boundary shown at B.

Essay

217.

How is the moment magnitude scale used to describe earthquakes?

218.

Distinguish between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake.

219.

Explain the difference between P and S waves in an earthquake.

220.

Compare and contrast a normal fault and a reverse fault.

221.

Explain how GPS satellites are used to monitor faults.

222.

Which is likely to experience more damage during an earthquake, a house built on a solid rock ledge or a nearby house built on a soil river bank? Explain your answer.

223.

How does the design of base-isolated buildings reduce their risk of damage by earthquakes?

224.

What is a plateau and how can one form?

225.

Describe the convection currents that occur inside Earth.

226.

How are magnetic stripes near mid-ocean ridges evidence for sea-floor spreading?

227.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, explain what causes changes in Earth’s surface.

228.

Were Africa and South America ever joined? Cite evidence from a landform and fossil to support your answer.

229.

The Eurasian and North American plates share a common border in the Atlantic Ocean. Name this border and explain what plate activity occurs there.

230.

Describe how the shapes of present-day continents support the theory of continental drift.

231.

Compare and contrast the outer core and the inner core.

232.

Compare and contrast what occurs when two oceanic plates collide, when two continental plates collide, and when an oceanic and a continental plate collide.

233.

How does the release of trapped gases in magma cause a volcano to erupt?

234.

You live on a large volcanic island not far from an active volcano. Besides damage from lava, what other hazards might affect your town and its people?

235.

What kind of volcanic activity might you expect to observe at or near a dormant volcano?

236.

What kind of eruption is likely to occur in a volcano having magma that is low in silica? Explain your answer.

237.

Compare and contrast lava plateaus and dome mountains.

238.

What is the difference between the physical and chemical properties of a substance?

239.

Describe the three stages of a volcano.

240.

Why do different liquids have different viscosities?