Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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The
elevation of an area is the difference in height between its highest and lowest point.
_________________________
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2.
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The
Rocky Mountains have low relief and high elevation. _________________________
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3.
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Scientists divide Earth into four spheres. The lithosphere is the one that
forms Earth’s rocky outer layer. _________________________
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4.
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The
prime meridian circles Earth halfway between the North and South poles.
_________________________
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5.
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A
group of mountains closely related in shape, structure, and age is a mountain range.
_________________________
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6.
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Lines
of latitude run from north to south, meeting at the poles.
_________________________
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7.
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On a
topographic map, V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley.
_________________________
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8.
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On a
topographic map, steep slopes are indicated by contour lines that are widely spaced.
_________________________
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9.
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The
movement of rock particles by ice, wind, water, or gravity is called weathering.
_________________________
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10.
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After
chemical weathering, the chemical makeup of the weathered rock is the same as that of the
original rock. _________________________
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11.
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The
rate of chemical weathering is faster in hot, wet climates than in cold, dry climates.
_________________________
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12.
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The
type of weathering that occurs due to heating and cooling is mechanical weathering.
_________________________
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13.
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The
loose material on Earth’s surface that contains weathered rock particles and humus is
bedrock. _________________________
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14.
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Because it contains the most humus, topsoil is the layer of soil that is best
for growing plants. _________________________
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15.
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A
thick mass of tough roots called loess kept the fertile soil of the prairies in place and held
on to moisture. _________________________
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16.
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The
practice of plowing fields along the curves of a slope is called contour plowing.
_________________________
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17.
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The
process that lays down sediment in a new location is erosion.
_________________________
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18.
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Creep is very slow movement of sediment down a slope.
_________________________
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19.
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A
large stream that flows across a flood plain is called a gully.
_________________________
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20.
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As a
river’s slope increases, the power of the river to cause erosion usually decreases.
_________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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21.
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A
landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface is a a. | lowland. | b. | mountain system. | c. | coastal
plain. | d. | plateau. | | |
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22.
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One
major difference between a coastal plain and an interior plain is in a. | elevation. | b. | slope. | c. | relief. | d. | flatness. | | |
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23.
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The
“sphere“ that extends into each of the other spheres is the a. | hydrosphere. | b. | atmosphere. | c. | biosphere. | d. | lithosphere. | | |
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24.
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The
point on Earth’s surface having zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude would be
located a. | in Greenwich,
England. | b. | at the North Pole. | c. | where the
equator crosses the prime meridian. | d. | at the South Pole. | | |
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25.
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New
Orleans, Louisiana, and Cairo, Egypt, are nearly the same distance north of the equator. This means
that the two cities have almost the same a. | elevation. | b. | projection. | c. | longitude. | d. | latitude. | | |
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26.
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A
topographic map differs from a road map in that the topographic map shows a. | directions and
distance. | b. | elevation, relief, and slope. | c. | streams and
lakes. | d. | highways and expressways. | | |
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27.
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Topographic maps are usually large-scale maps that show a. | entire
continents. | b. | only rivers and lakes. | c. | a close-up view
of part of Earth’s surface. | d. | all land north or south of the
equator. | | |
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28.
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Elevation, relief, and slope on a topographic map are shown using symbols
called a. | pixels. | b. | contour lines. | c. | contour
intervals. | d. | GPS units. | | |
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29.
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What
kind of slope do closely spaced contour lines indicate? a. | V-shaped | b. | flat | c. | steep | d. | gentle | | |
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30.
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It would be easy to walk up a slope represented by contour lines
that a. | are
curved. | b. | are far apart. | c. | form closed
loops. | d. | are close together. | | |
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31.
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The contour lines that represent the top of a hill
form a. | a closed
loop. | b. | a sharp angle. | c. | a gentle
curve. | d. | parallel lines. | | |
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32.
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A
contour line that forms a closed loop and has small dashes pointing to the inside of the loop
represents a. | a small
plateau. | b. | an unknown area. | c. | a
mapmaker’s mistake. | d. | a depression in the ground. | | |
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33.
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Plateaus, plains, and mountains are all part of which of Earth’s
spheres? a. | atmosphere | b. | hydrosphere | c. | biosphere | d. | lithosphere | | |
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34.
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In
which “sphere” are rivers included? a. | hydrosphere | b. | atmosphere | c. | biosphere | d. | lithosphere | | |
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35.
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Which
of the locations listed below is farthest from the prime meridian? a. | 10° N
25° W | b. | 10° S 25° E | c. | 25° S
40° E | d. | 40° N 35° W | | |
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36.
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The
distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian is called a. | map
projection. | b. | latitude. | c. | longitude. | d. | map scale. | | |
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37.
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On a
Mercator projection, Greenland appears larger than South America because a. | its land area is
really greater than that of South America. | b. | all land masses are distorted. | c. | small land
masses are distorted more than large ones. | d. | Mercator projections enlarge areas near the
poles. | | |
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38.
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Elevation, relief, and landforms are factors that determine an
area’s a. | hydrosphere. | b. | topography. | c. | atmosphere. | d. | biology. | | |
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39.
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The
agent of mechanical weathering in which rock is worn away by the grinding action of other rock
particles is called a. | erosion. | b. | cracking and
peeling. | c. | abrasion. | d. | ice
wedging. | | |
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40.
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Ice
wedging causes mechanical weathering of rock by means of a. | heating and
cooling. | b. | plant growth. | c. | animal
actions. | d. | freezing and thawing of water. | | |
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41.
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What
kind of weathering causes the mineral composition of rocks to change? a. | mechanical
weathering | b. | permeable weathering | c. | chemical
weathering | d. | general weathering | | |
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42.
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A
rock containing iron becomes soft and crumbly and reddish-brown in color. It probably has been
chemically weathered by a. | water. | b. | carbon
dioxide. | c. | oxygen. | d. | acid
rain. | | |
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43.
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A hot
and wet climate causes weathering to take place a. | slowly. | b. | at the same rate
as when the climate is dry and cool. | c. | unevenly. | d. | rapidly. | | |
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44.
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The
most important factors in determining the rate of weathering are a. | carbon dioxide
and acid rain. | b. | abrasion and acids from plant roots. | c. | animal actions
and oxygen. | d. | rock type and climate. | | |
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45.
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Soil
formation begins with the weathering of a. | litter. | b. | rock. | c. | the A horizon. | d. | humus. | | |
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46.
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The
solid layer of rock beneath the soil is called a. | bedrock. | b. | gravel. | c. | the B horizon. | d. | subsoil. | | |
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47.
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The
mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, and water is
called a. | gravel. | b. | litter. | c. | silt. | d. | soil. | | |
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48.
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The
decayed organic material in soil is called a. | silt. | b. | litter. | c. | humus. | d. | clay. | | |
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49.
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Living organisms in soil help to a. | slow the rate of soil formation. | b. | build up the C
horizon. | c. | mix the soil and make humus. | d. | prevent the
formation of humus. | | |
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50.
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Decomposers are the soil organisms that a. | store moisture
in the soil. | b. | break down and digest the remains of dead
organisms. | c. | make spaces in the soil for air and
water. | d. | burrow deep below the topsoil. | | |
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51.
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Soil
is a valuable resource because it a. | is important to all living things on
land. | b. | contains sand and gravel. | c. | is rich in
decomposers. | d. | has all three soil horizons. | | |
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52.
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How
long did it take for the thick, fertile soil of the North American prairies to
develop? a. | several
years | b. | dozens of years | c. | hundreds of
years | d. | thousands of years | | |
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53.
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What
can cause the loss of soil that is not protected by plant cover? a. | chemical
weathering | b. | erosion by water or wind | c. | mechanical
weathering | d. | too many organisms in the soil | | |
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54.
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Plowing removed the grass from the Great Plains and exposed the soil. What effect did
this have when a drought struck the Great Plains during the 1930s? a. | It had no
effect. | b. | It reduced the soil’s fertility. | c. | It helped to
cause the Dust Bowl. | d. | It prevented sod from developing. | | |
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55.
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What
term describes the management of soil to prevent its destruction? a. | soil
exhaustion | b. | soil decomposition | c. | soil
conservation | d. | soil fertility | | |
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56.
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The
practice of plowing fields along the curves of a slope is called a. | drought
plowing. | b. | contour plowing. | c. | no-till
plowing. | d. | sod plowing. | | |
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57.
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The
growth of plant roots and animal activity may result in a. | mechanical
weathering. | b. | erosion. | c. | chemical
weathering. | d. | abrasion. | | |
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58.
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The
texture of soil depends on a. | the litter on top of the soil. | b. | the depth of the
topsoil. | c. | how much air the soil contains. | d. | the size of
individual soil particles. | | |
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59.
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Which
soil particle is the largest? a. | gravel | b. | sand | c. | silt | d. | clay | | |
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60.
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Which
soil particle is the smallest? a. | sand | b. | gravel | c. | clay | d. | silt | | |
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61.
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The
type of soil called loam is made up of a. | pure humus. | b. | mostly
clay. | c. | nearly equal amounts of silt, sand, and
clay. | d. | sand and gravel. | | |
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62.
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The
layer of soil in which topsoil is found is the a. | A horizon. | b. | B
horizon. | c. | C horizon. | d. | bedrock. | | |
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63.
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A
marble statue is left exposed to the weather. Within a few years, the details on the statue have
begun to weather away. This weathering probably is caused by a. | oxygen in the
air. | b. | carbonic acid in
rainwater. | c. | lichens. | d. | abrasion. | | |
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64.
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In
conservation plowing, why are dead weeds and stalks of the previous year’s crop left in the
ground? a. | to keep the soil
from becoming too fertile. | b. | to reduce the amount of seed needed for the next year’s
crop. | c. | to retain moisture and hold the soil in
place. | d. | to keep more organisms out of the
soil. | | |
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65.
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The
process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another is
called a. | soil
conservation. | b. | deposition. | c. | abrasion. | d. | erosion. | | |
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66.
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The
process in which sediment is laid down in a new location is called a. | weathering. | b. | deposition. | c. | erosion. | d. | mass movement. | | |
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67.
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Landslides, mudflows, slump, and creep are all examples of a. | mechanical
weathering. | b. | runoff. | c. | mass
movement. | d. | soil formation. | | |
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68.
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Mass
movement is caused by a. | plucking and abrasion. | b. | gravity. | c. | chemical weathering. | d. | erosion and
deposition. | | |
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69.
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Water
erosion begins when runoff from rainfall flows in a thin layer over the land in a kind of erosion
called a. | mass
erosion. | b. | sheet erosion. | c. | creep. | d. | gullying. | | |
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70.
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A
stream or river that runs into another stream or river is called a a. | tributary. | b. | meander. | c. | turbulent
stream. | d. | gully. | | |
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71.
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A
river flowing across a wide flood plain begins to form looplike bends called a. | rills. | b. | meanders. | c. | outside
curves. | d. | deltas. | | |
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72.
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Where
a river flows from an area of harder rock to an area of softer rock, the softer rock may wear away,
eventually forming a drop called a(n) a. | oxbow lake. | b. | gully. | c. | waterfall. | d. | delta. | | |
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73.
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A
wide sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range is called
a(n) a. | divide. | b. | drainage basin. | c. | alluvial
fan. | d. | slump. | | |
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74.
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Deltas are built up by a. | deposition. | b. | leaching. | c. | abrasion. | d. | erosion. | | |
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75.
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What
type of energy is involved when a river moves sediment and erodes its banks? a. | chemical
energy | b. | gravitational energy | c. | potential
energy | d. | kinetic energy | | |
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76.
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What
happens as gravity pulls water down a slope? a. | Kinetic energy changes to potential
energy. | b. | Both kinetic and potential energy
vanish. | c. | Energy is stored for future use. | d. | Potential energy
changes to kinetic energy. | | |
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77.
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What
causes most sediment to wash or fall into a river? a. | friction | b. | deposition | c. | mass movement
and runoff | d. | turbulence | | |
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78.
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How
would a fast-flowing river be most likely to move sand-sized particles of sediment? a. | It would carry
them suspended in the water. | b. | It would dissolve them completely in
solution. | c. | It would push or slide them along the
streambed. | d. | It would deposit them along its
banks. | | |
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79.
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When
a fast-flowing river slows down, what types of sediment would be deposited first? a. | clay | b. | silt | c. | sand | d. | gravel | | |
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80.
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As
more water flows through a river, its speed will a. | stay the same. | b. | increase. | c. | decrease. | d. | reduce friction
between the water and the streambed. | | |
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