Inside Earth Chap One Study Guide

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Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Holes drilled several kilometers into Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of

a.	seismic waves.
b.	rock samples.
c.	liquid iron.
d.	volcanic eruption.

Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by

a.	measuring pressure differences at Earth’s surface.
b.	estimating temperature inside earth.
c.	directly looking under the many layers.
d.	recording and studying seismic waves.

What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers?

a.	crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
b.	mantle, outer core, inner core, crust
c.	crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
d.	outer core, inner core, crust, mantle

Earth’s inner core is

a.	a dense ball of solid metal.
b.	a layer of molten metal.
c.	a layer of hot rock.
d.	a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand. This is called

a.	magnetic energy.
b.	indirect evidence.
c.	subduction.
d.	heat transfer.

The transfer of energy through empty space is called

a.	conduction.
b.	convection.
c.	radiation.
d.	subduction.

Heat transfer within a fluid takes place by

a.	convection currents.
b.	radiation.
c.	conduction.
d.	density.

When the heat source is removed from a fluid, convection currents in the fluid will

a.	speed up.
b.	change direction.
c.	eventually stop.
d.	continue at the same rate forever.

According to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift,

a.	Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses.
b.	the continents do not move.
c.	Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking.
d.	the continents were once joined together in a single landmass.

10.

What is Pangaea?

a.	the name of a German scientist
b.	the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
c.	another name for continental drift
d.	the name of an ancient fossil

11.

Which type of evidence was NOT used by Alfred Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis?

a.	evidence from landforms
b.	evidence from fossils
c.	evidence from human remains
d.	evidence from climate

12.

Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift because

a.	they were afraid of a new idea.
b.	Wegener was interested in what Earth was like millions of years ago.
c.	Wegener used several different types of evidence to support his hypothesis.
d.	Wegener could not identify a force that could move the continents.

13.

What technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge?

a.	satellites
b.	deep-sea diving
c.	submarines
d.	sonar

14.

In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts

a.	along the edges of all the continents.
b.	along mid-ocean ridges.
c.	in deep-ocean trenches.
d.	at the north and south poles.

15.

How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from the mid-ocean ridge were older than those near it?

a.	by observing eruptions of molten material on the sea floor
b.	by mapping rocks on the sea floor using sonar
c.	by determining the age of rock samples obtained by drilling on the sea floor
d.	by measuring how fast sea-floor spreading occurs

16.

What did scientists in a submersible see when they observed the mid-ocean ridge?

a.	a convergent boundary
b.	rocks formed by the rapid hardening of molten material
c.	the movement of Earth’s plates
d.	convection currents in the ocean

17.

The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as

a.	convection.
b.	continental drift.
c.	subduction.
d.	conduction.

18.

Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is

a.	hot.
b.	moving toward a deep-ocean trench.
c.	cool.
d.	closer to the mid-ocean ridge.

19.

Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by

a.	conduction.
b.	earthquakes.
c.	convection currents in the mantle.
d.	Earth’s magnetic field.

20.

The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of

a.	subduction.
b.	plate tectonics.
c.	deep-ocean trenches.
d.	sea-floor spreading.

21.

A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a

a.	transform boundary.
b.	divergent boundary.
c.	convergent boundary.
d.	rift valley.

22.

A rift valley forms at a

a.	convergent plate boundary
b.	divergent plate boundary.
c.	transform boundary.
d.	deep-ocean trench.

23.

Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth’s interior is made up of several

a.	continents.
b.	layers.
c.	ridges.
d.	trenches.

24.

Earth’s mantle is

a.	a layer of molten metal.
b.	a layer of hot rock.
c.	a dense ball of solid metal.
d.	a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

25.

Earth’s magnetic field results from movements in the

a.	mantle.
b.	outer core.
c.	inner core.
d.	crust.

26.

Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth’s

a.	continents.
b.	mantle.
c.	lithosphere.
d.	inner core.

27.

A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a

a.	mid-ocean ridge.
b.	deep-ocean trench.
c.	rift valley.
d.	mountain range.

28.

Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a

a.	landform.
b.	continent.
c.	fossil.
d.	landmass.

29.

Mid-ocean ridges are

a.	found in all of Earth’s oceans.
b.	found only in the Pacific Ocean.
c.	located mostly along coastlines.
d.	long deep-ocean trenches.

30.

The place where two plates come together is known as a

a.	transform boundary.
b.	divergent boundary.
c.	convergent boundary.
d.	rift valley.

Modified True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.

31.

To study Earth’s interior, geologists often rely on indirect methods, such as evidence from fossils. _________________________

32.

The transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluid is called conduction. _________________________

33.

Alfred Wegener provided evidence from landforms, fossils, and climate in support of his theory of the shrinking Earth. _________________________

34.

Pressure increases from Earth’s surface toward the center of Earth. _________________________

35.

Oceanic crust near the mid-ocean ridge is younger than oceanic crust farther away from the ridge. _________________________

36.

If subduction occurs faster than oceanic crust can be created, an ocean will expand. _________________________

37.

Along a divergent boundary, two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. _________________________

38.

Mantle material rises in convection currents because heated materials become more dense. _________________________

39.

Along the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the North American plate and the Eurasian plate are moving apart at a very slow rate. _________________________

40.

The outermost layer of Earth is called the mantle. _________________________

Completion

Complete each sentence or statement.

41.

When continental plates pull apart at a divergent boundary on land, a(n) ____________________ forms.

42.

The part of the mantle called the ____________________ is made of soft rock that bends like plastic.

43.

In the mantle, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as _________________________.

44.

Earthquakes produce_________________ that travel through Earth.

45.

When you touch a hot plate, the transfer of heat from the plate to your hand is called ____________________.

46.

The hypothesis of _________________________ was that all the continents once were joined as a single supercontinent and have since drifted apart.

47.

To support his hypothesis, Alfred Wegener provided evidence from ____________________, traces of ancient organisms preserved in rock.

48.

The energy from the sun that warms your face is transferred by a process called ____________________.

49.

The process of _________________________ continually adds new crust to the ocean floor along both sides of the mid-ocean ridge.

50.

Two of Earth’s plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, along a(n) ____________________ boundary.

51.

____________________ is a rock with a fine, dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust.

52.

Samples collected by the Glomar Challenger showed that the youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found in the center of ____________________.

53.

Subduction occurs where the oceanic crust bends down toward the mantle at a(n) _________________________.

54.

The lithosphere is broken into sections called ____________________, which float on top of the asthenosphere.

55.

The formation of volcanoes and mountain ranges can be explained by the theory of _________________________.

56.

A continental plate collides with an oceanic plate at a(n) ____________________ boundary.

57.

The ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle in a process known as ____________________.

58.

Wegener believed that the continents had once been joined in one landmass called ____________________.

59.

Scientists think that the ____________________, made of liquid iron and nickel, moves to produce Earth’s magnetic field.

60.

Geologists learn about Earth’s interior by studying _________________________, which move through Earth.

Short Answer

Use the diagram to answer each question.

61.

Earth’s solid inner core is surrounded by the hot, molten metal of which layer?

62.

The asthenosphere is part of which layer of Earth?

63.

Pressure increases with depth toward the center of Earth. In which layer would you expect pressure to be the greatest?

64.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, which layer of the earth is broken into separate sections called plates?

65.

Which layer of Earth is made up partly of crust and partly of mantle material?

66.

Based on the diagram, describe one of the major differences between oceanic crust and continental crust.

Use the diagram to answer each question.

67.

Which type of plate boundary occurs at X?

68.

What feature occurs at Y, and how does it form?

69.

What is happening at Z?

70.

Identify the three plates in the diagram and name the materials that make up each plate.

71.

Which type of plate boundary occurs at Y?

72.

What feature occurs at X and how does it form?

Essay

73.

Describe the convection currents that occur inside Earth.

74.

How are magnetic stripes near mid-ocean ridges evidence for sea-floor spreading?

75.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, explain what causes changes in Earth’s surface.

76.

Were Africa and South America ever joined? Cite evidence from a landform and fossil to support your answer.

77.

The Eurasian and North American plates share a common border in the Atlantic Ocean. Name this border and explain what plate activity occurs there.

78.

Describe how the shapes of present-day continents support the theory of continental drift.

79.

Compare and contrast the outer core and the inner core.

80.

Compare and contrast what occurs when two oceanic plates collide, when two continental plates collide, and when an oceanic and a continental plate collide.