Multiple
Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
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1.
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Stress that pushes a mass of
rock in two opposite directions is called a. | shearing. | b. | tension. | c. | compression. | d. | deformation. | | |
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2.
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Because stress is a force,
it a. | takes energy out of rock. | b. | adds energy to
rock. | c. | adds volume to rock. | d. | makes rock harder. | | |
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3.
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In a normal fault, the part of
the fault that lies below the other part is called the a. | hanging wall. | b. | reverse fault. | c. | footwall. | d. | anticline. | | |
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4.
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Which type of stress force
produces reverse faults? a. | shearing | b. | tension | c. | compression | d. | deformation | | |
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5.
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The land between two normal
faults moves upward to form a a. | fold. | b. | syncline. | c. | hanging wall. | d. | fault-block mountain. | | |
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6.
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A fold in rock that bends
upward into an arch is called a(n) a. | anticline. | b. | syncline. | c. | plateau. | d. | canyon. | | |
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7.
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The point beneath Earth’s
surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the a. | syncline. | b. | footwall. | c. | epicenter. | d. | focus. | | |
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8.
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The type of seismic waves that
arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are
called a. | S waves. | b. | P waves. | c. | Surface waves. | d. | Mercalli waves. | | |
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9.
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S waves are also known
as a. | primary waves. | b. | secondary waves. | c. | surface waves. | d. | focus waves. | | |
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10.
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Compared to P waves and S
waves, surface waves move a. | faster. | b. | slower. | c. | at the same
rate. | d. | farther from the epicenter. | | |
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11.
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Which scale would most likely
be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and other buildings? a. | the Richter scale | b. | the Mercalli
scale | c. | the moment magnitude scale | d. | the seismic scale | | |
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12.
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What does a seismograph
record? a. | the Mercalli scale rating for an earthquake | b. | the speed of seismic waves | c. | the ground movements caused by seismic
waves | d. | the location of the epicenter | | |
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13.
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Which of the following can
cause damage days or months after a large earthquake? a. | the arrival of surface waves. | b. | liquefaction. | c. | a tsunami. | d. | an aftershock. | | |
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14.
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If the Coast Guard warns of a
giant wave of water approaching the shore as a result of a major earthquake, they are warning
of a. | an aftershock. | b. | liquefaction. | c. | a tsunami. | d. | landslides. | | |
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15.
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A building designed to reduce
the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake is called a a. | fixed-base building. | b. | wood-frame
building. | c. | base-isolated building. | d. | brick building. | | |
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16.
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The best way to protect
yourself in an earthquake is to a. | run as fast as you
can. | b. | drop, cover, and hold. | c. | go into the basement. | d. | stand under a
tree. | | |
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17.
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A device that uses wire
stretched across a fault to measure horizontal movement of the ground is
called a a. | creep meter. | b. | laser-ranging device. | c. | tiltmeter. | d. | satellite. | | |
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18.
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Which of the following monitors
both vertical and horizontal movements along a fault? a. | laser-ranging device | b. | GPS satellite
system | c. | tiltmeter | d. | creep meter | | |
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19.
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Geologists know that wherever
plate movement stores energy in the rock along faults, a. | earthquakes are not likely. | b. | earthquakes are
likely. | c. | an earthquake is occurring. | d. | an earthquake could never occur. | | |
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20.
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The risk of earthquakes is high
along the Pacific coast of the United States because a. | there have been no earthquakes there lately. | b. | serious earthquakes are rare east of the Rockies. | c. | satellites have detected increasing elevation of the ground
surface. | d. | that’s where the Pacific and North American plates
meet. | | |
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21.
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A force that acts on rock to
change its shape or volume is called a. | an aftershock. | b. | friction. | c. | liquefaction. | d. | stress. | | |
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22.
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Most earthquake-related deaths
and injuries result from a. | tsunamis. | b. | damage to buildings or other structures. | c. | liquefaction. | d. | P waves. | | |
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23.
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In a strike-slip fault, the
rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little a. | noise. | b. | shaking. | c. | up-or-down motion. | d. | movement. | | |
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24.
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A large area of flat land
elevated high above sea level is called a a. | syncline. | b. | plateau. | c. | canyon. | d. | fault. | | |
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25.
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What happens when friction
between the opposite sides of a fault is high? a. | A plateau may form on one side of the
fault. | b. | The fault locks, and stress builds up until an earthquake
occurs. | c. | Folding of the crust may occur. | d. | The rocks on both sides of the fault easily slide past each
other. | | |
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26.
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In what direction do seismic
waves carry the energy of an earthquake? a. | away from the
focus | b. | toward the focus | c. | from the surface to the interior | d. | through the mantle only | | |
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27.
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Which type of fault-monitoring
device is most like a carpenter’s level? a. | tiltmeter | b. | laser-ranging device | c. | creep meter | d. | satellite | | |
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28.
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What type of earthquake wave
can travel through both liquids and solids? a. | P waves | b. | S waves | c. | focus waves | d. | surface waves | | |
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29.
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The rating system that
estimates the total energy released by an earthquake is called the a. | Richter scale. | b. | moment magnitude
scale. | c. | mechanical seismograph scale. | d. | Mercalli scale. | | |
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30.
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Geologists cannot yet predict
earthquakes because a. | they have too much
data. | b. | they can’t be sure when and where stress will be released along
a fault. | c. | they need to know where all past earthquakes
occurred. | d. | there are too many faults to monitor. | | |
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Modified
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change
the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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31.
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An upward fold in a rock is
called a plateau. _________________________
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32.
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The squeezing together of rocks
by stress is called shearing. _________________________
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33.
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In a strike-slip fault,
the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways.
_________________________
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34.
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With the range of data
available, geologists cannot predict exactly where and when earthquakes will occur.
_________________________
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35.
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An earthquake on the ocean
floor can produce a tsunami, which may grow into a huge wave as it approaches the shore.
_________________________
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36.
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A type of building that absorbs
the energy of seismic waves is a fixed-base building. _________________________
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37.
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When an earthquake occurs, S
waves are the first seismic waves to arrive at a given location.
_________________________
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38.
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The Richter scale
describes the effects of an earthquake on people, buildings, and land at a given location.
_________________________
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39.
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During an earthquake, seismic
waves move outward from the focus in all directions. _________________________
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40.
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Geologists use a creep meter to
measure the horizontal movement along a fault. _________________________
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Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
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41.
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A fault that is formed when
compression causes the hanging wall to move over the foot wall is called a(n)
____________________.
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42.
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The block of rock that lies
above a fault is called the ____________________.
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43.
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Blocks of rock uplifted by
normal faults are called ____________________ mountains.
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44.
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Layers of rock that bend can
produce a downward fold known as a(n) ____________________.
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45.
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Shearing creates
____________________ faults, like the San Andreas fault in California.
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46.
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Geologists use a(n)
____________________ to measure the tilting of the ground along a fault.
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47.
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The stress force that pulls on
the crust where two plates are moving apart is called ____________________.
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48.
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The process in which the
violent shaking of an earthquake turns soft soil into liquid mud is called
____________________.
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49.
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Earthquake damage can be
reduced by making buildings more ____________________ so that they twist and bend without
breaking.
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50.
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The seismic waves that travel
along Earth’s surface and produce the most severe ground movements are called
____________________.
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51.
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Vibrations that move through
the ground carrying the energy released during an earthquake are called
____________________.
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52.
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The scale that measures the
strength of an earthquake based on seismic waves and movement along a fault is called the
____________________ scale.
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53.
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Earthquake waves that vibrate
from side to side and up and down only through solids are known as
____________________.
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54.
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Laser-ranging devices can
detect even tiny movements of the crust along a(n) ____________________.
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55.
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The ____________________ scale
accurately rates the size of seismic waves only for small, nearby earthquakes.
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56.
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Geologists determine earthquake
risk by locating where ____________________ are active.
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57.
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The stress force that causes a
mass of rock to pull or twist in opposite directions is called ____________________.
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58.
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An earthquake that occurs
shortly after a larger earthquake is a(n) ____________________.
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59.
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The point beneath the surface
where rock breaks and an earthquake starts is the ____________________.
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60.
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A valley that dips between two
parallel ranges of hills was formed by a downward fold in rock called a(n)
____________________.
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Short
Answer
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Use the diagram to answer
each question.
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61.
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Describe the rock layers shown
in Diagram A and any forces acting on the rock.
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62.
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In diagram B, which type of
fault will form if the stress force continues? Explain.
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63.
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What caused the rock layers to
take on the shape shown in diagram C?
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64.
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Contrast the plate movements
that cause the stresses in diagrams B and C.
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65.
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Will a normal fault result from
the stresses being applied to the rock unit in diagram D? Explain.
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66.
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Compare diagram B to diagram A.
How is it different?
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Use the diagram to answer
each question.
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67.
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How do California and Nevada
compare in possible severity of earthquake damage?
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68.
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In which direction does the
major earthquake risk zone in Idaho run?
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69.
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In which part of Maine should
you live if you want the least possible risk of damage from an earthquake? Explain.
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70.
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What kind of risk is shown on
the map and how is this risk determined?
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71.
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According to the map, which
part of the United States is least likely to suffer earthquake damage?
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72.
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What earthquake damage is Texas
likely to suffer?
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Essay
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73.
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How is the moment magnitude
scale used to describe earthquakes?
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74.
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Distinguish between the focus
and the epicenter of an earthquake.
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75.
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Explain the difference between
P and S waves in an earthquake.
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76.
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Compare and contrast a normal
fault and a reverse fault.
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77.
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Explain how GPS satellites are
used to monitor faults.
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78.
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Which is likely to experience
more damage during an earthquake, a house built on a solid rock ledge or a nearby house built on a
soil river bank? Explain your answer.
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79.
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How does the design of
base-isolated buildings reduce their risk of damage by earthquakes?
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80.
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What is a plateau and how can
one form?
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